From 21fedb3af692b12c1f0aa266bbf788b01f2cbe4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: George Halkiadakis <gchalkiadakis@sklavenitis.co.gr>
Date: Sun, 26 Mar 2023 04:50:46 +0300
Subject: auth tests

---
 core/classes/Render.php                 | 343 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 core/classes/session/DefaultSession.php |   9 +-
 core/classes/session/FilesSession.php   |  20 +-
 core/config/anom_settings.php           | 312 +++++++++++++++++++++--------
 core/config/credentials.php             | 126 ------------
 core/config/init.php                    |  17 +-
 core/helpers/error_handling.php         |   8 +-
 core/helpers/render.php                 | 338 -------------------------------
 8 files changed, 602 insertions(+), 571 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 core/classes/Render.php
 delete mode 100644 core/config/credentials.php
 delete mode 100644 core/helpers/render.php

(limited to 'core')

diff --git a/core/classes/Render.php b/core/classes/Render.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..401178d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/classes/Render.php
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+<?php
+/** Rendering System
+ * 
+ * this is the View part of the anom MVC framework
+ ***/
+
+ Class Render {
+
+    /** load template
+     * --- 
+     * TODO:
+     * explain/document the difference between a template and a view
+     * 
+     * TODO:
+     * Implementing the Render/View operation as a class, using the same-
+     * name methods with Laraver or CodeIgniter could be good idea;
+     * and get rid of if(!defined('OUTPUT_STARTED')) define('OUTPUT_STARTED',1);
+     */
+    public static function template($template, $data) {
+
+        $file = VIEWS_DIRECTORY . $template . '.php';
+
+        if (file_exists($file)) {
+            if (!defined('OUTPUT_STARTED'))  define('OUTPUT_STARTED', 1);
+
+            ob_start();
+
+            extract( self::sanitize_output($data) );
+            require( $file );
+
+            ob_flush();
+
+        } else if (!PRODUCTION) {
+
+            echo "<!-- view ". $file ." is missing -->";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /** parse_sections
+     * ---
+     * parse a group of views (sections)
+     * @param $sections: an array of sections
+     * 
+     * each section group is an array with view, key and data properties
+     * + view: defines the view template/file 
+     * + key: the variable name that view uses to parse data OR empty-string*
+     *        * if key is an empty then $data should be an array (which
+     *        includes all [variable-name:data] pairs utilized by the view)
+     * + data: holds the actual data
+     */
+
+    public static function sections($sections) {
+
+        foreach($sections as $sect) {
+
+            if ($sect['key'] == '') {
+                self::view( $sect['view'], $sect['data'] );
+
+            } else {
+                self::view( $sect['view'], [ $sect['key'] => $sect['data']] );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /** render function
+     * ---
+     * uses php's short-tag syntax for templating system
+     * extract data into template
+     * @param $view: view-template filename
+     * @param $data: data to embed into view-template
+     * @param $sanitize: of true then sanitize data.
+     * important NOTE: data is an array [key => value]
+     */
+    public static function view($view, $data=[], $sanitize = false) {
+
+        $file = VIEWS_DIRECTORY . $view . '.php';
+
+        if (file_exists($file)) {
+            if (!defined('OUTPUT_STARTED'))  define('OUTPUT_STARTED', 1);
+
+            extract( $sanitize ? self::sanitize_output($data) : $data );
+            require( $file );
+
+        } else if (!PRODUCTION) {
+
+            echo "<!-- view ". $file ." is missing -->";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    /** render asap
+     * ---
+     * render_view then output code 
+     * so that client will get html to render
+     * while server calculates next html
+     */
+    public static function asap($view, $data, $sanitize = false) {
+        self::view($view, $data, $sanitize);
+        ob_flush();
+    }
+
+
+    /** render text
+     * ---
+     * This function simply echoes text
+     * with Content-Type and Cache Headers
+     * @param $data : the text to echo
+     * @param $cType : Content-Type header
+     * @param $ttl : cache-contol headers; if false response is not-cached; else (int) chache for $ttl seconds
+     */
+    public static function text( $data, $contentType = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8', $ttl = false ) {
+        header('Content-Type: '. $contentType);
+        if ($ttl) {
+            $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s", time() + $ttl) . " GMT";
+            header("Expires: {$ts}");
+            header("Pragma: cache");
+            header("Cache-Control: max-age={$ttl}");
+
+        } else {
+            $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s") . " GMT";
+            header("Expires: {$ts}");
+            header("Last-Modified: {$ts}");
+            header("Pragma: no-cache");
+            header("Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate");
+        }
+        echo htmlspecialchars($data);
+    }
+
+
+    /** reply_json
+     * ---
+     * transform a php-array to json and echo to client
+     * Can be used for API calls
+     *
+     * @param $data : the php array)
+     * @param $ttl : cache-contol headers; if false response is not-cached; else chache for $ttl seconds
+     */
+    public static function json( $data, $ttl = false ) {
+        header('Content-Type: application/json');
+        if ($ttl) {
+            $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s", time() + $ttl) . " GMT";
+            header("Expires: {$ts}");
+            header("Pragma: cache");
+            header("Cache-Control: max-age={$ttl}");
+
+        } else {
+            $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s") . " GMT";
+            header("Expires: {$ts}");
+            header("Last-Modified: {$ts}");
+            header("Pragma: no-cache");
+            header("Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate");
+        }
+        echo json_encode($data, JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE);
+    }
+
+
+
+
+    // HELPER FUNCTIONS
+    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+    /** link asset
+     * ---
+     * the function defines the assets (css or js)
+     * to be loaded on the client (creates the HTML)
+     * @param $type : type of asset [css|js]
+     * @param $assetIDs : an array of ('assetID' => 'paramaters')
+     *
+     * example calls:
+     * load_asset('css', ['main' => 'media="all"', 'filters' => 'media="all"']);
+     * load_asset( 'js', ['jquery' => '', 'lazyloader' => 'async']);
+     */
+    public static function asset( $type, $assetIDs, $paramatres = '' ) {
+
+        $code = "";     // code to return
+        
+        // make sure $assetIDs is array (for coding simplicity)
+        if (!is_array($assetIDs)) {
+            $assetIDs = [ $assetIDs ];
+        }
+
+        // check asset type and construct all asset inserts
+        switch ($type) {
+
+            case 'font':
+                foreach($assetIDs as $asset) {
+                    $code .= "\n\t<link href='". FONTS_DIR . FONT_FILES[$asset] ."' as='font' type='font/woff2' {$paramatres}/>";
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case 'js':
+                foreach($assetIDs as $asset) {
+                    $code .= "\n\t<script src='". JS_DIR . JS_LIBRARIES[$asset] ."' id='{$asset}' {$paramatres}></script>";
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case 'css':
+            default:
+                foreach($assetIDs as $asset) {
+                    $code .= "\n\t<link rel='stylesheet' href='". CSS_DIR . CSS_FILES[$asset] ."' id='{$asset}' {$paramatres} />";
+                }
+        }
+
+        echo $code;
+    }
+
+
+    /** sanitize_output (recursive) 
+     * ---
+     * Sanitizes data that are about to rendered
+     * (usually when render_view() is called).
+     * 
+     * NOTE:
+     * mitigates XSS attachs
+     * 
+     * @param $data: (array)
+     */
+    public static function sanitize_output($data) {
+        //// check https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2002710/php-how-to-perform-htmlspecialchar-on-an-array-of-arrays
+        
+        //// $output = array_map("myFunc", $data);
+        
+        global $secure;
+
+        $output = array();
+        foreach($data as $key => $val) {
+
+            if (is_string($val)) {
+                $output[$key] = htmlspecialchars(self::remove_invisible_characters($val));
+                
+            } else if (is_array($val)) {
+                $output[$key] = self::sanitize_output($val);
+
+            } else {
+                $output[$key] = $val;
+            }
+        }
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+
+    /** remove_invisible_characters()
+     * ---
+     * @used by sanitize_output()
+     */
+    public static function remove_invisible_characters($str, $url_encoded = TRUE)
+    {
+        $non_displayables = array();
+
+        // every control character except newline (dec 10),
+        // carriage return (dec 13) and horizontal tab (dec 09)
+        if ($url_encoded) {
+            $non_displayables[] = '/%0[0-8bcef]/i';	// url encoded 00-08, 11, 12, 14, 15
+            $non_displayables[] = '/%1[0-9a-f]/i';	// url encoded 16-31
+            $non_displayables[] = '/%7f/i';	// url encoded 127
+        }
+
+        $non_displayables[] = '/[\x00-\x08\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F\x7F]+/S';	// 00-08, 11, 12, 14-31, 127
+
+        do {
+            $str = preg_replace($non_displayables, '', $str, -1, $count);
+        } while ($count);
+
+        return $str;
+    }
+
+
+    /** html
+     * ---
+     * outputs code as html
+     * 
+     * @param $str (string)
+     * @return html5 (string)
+     */
+    public static function html($str) {
+        if (!isset($str) || $str== null)        return;
+        if (($str == '') || is_numeric($str))   return $str;
+        return htmlspecialchars_decode($str, ENT_QUOTES|ENT_HTML5);
+    }
+
+
+    /** set_headers
+     * ---
+     * set custom response-Headers
+     *
+     * @param $contentType
+     * @param $ttl: int or false)
+     * @param $more: array of (content-type => content-value) pairs
+     */
+    public static function set_headers($contentType = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8', $ttl = false, $more = [] ) {
+
+        // handle common content-type shorcuts
+        switch ($contentType) {
+        case 'text':
+        case 'html':
+            $contentType = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8';
+            break;
+        case 'json':
+            $contentType = 'application/json; charset=utf-8';
+            break;
+        case 'js':
+            $contentType = 'application/javascript; charset=utf-8';
+            break;
+        case 'css':
+            $contentType = 'text/css';
+            break;
+        default:
+            // $contentType stays as-is
+            break;
+        }
+
+        // send headers
+        header('Content-Type: '. $contentType);
+        if ($ttl) {
+            $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s", time() + $ttl) . " GMT";
+            header("Expires: {$ts}");
+            header("Pragma: cache");
+            header("Cache-Control: max-age={$ttl}");
+
+        } else {
+            $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s") . " GMT";
+            header("Expires: {$ts}");
+            header("Last-Modified: {$ts}");
+            header("Pragma: no-cache");
+            header("Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate");
+        }
+
+        // send more headers
+        if ($more != []) {
+            foreach($more as $header => $value) {
+                header($header .': '. $value);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/classes/session/DefaultSession.php b/core/classes/session/DefaultSession.php
index d3099a5..079ab9d 100644
--- a/core/classes/session/DefaultSession.php
+++ b/core/classes/session/DefaultSession.php
@@ -2,14 +2,19 @@
 
 /** DefauleSession
  * --
+ * 
  * is a dummy session hanlder that wraps the
  * php's default session engine implementation;
+ * 
  */
 class DefaultSession implements SessionHandlerInterface {
 
     public function __construct()
     {
         // Start the session
+        // (the default way)
+        // and let the session* functions 
+        // do what they know
         session_name(SESSION_NAME);
         session_start();
     }
@@ -21,7 +26,9 @@ class DefaultSession implements SessionHandlerInterface {
     public function close() {}
 
     #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
-    public function read(string $id) {}
+    public function read(string $id) {
+        
+    }
 
     #[ReturnTypeWillChange]
     public function write(string $id, string $data) {}
diff --git a/core/classes/session/FilesSession.php b/core/classes/session/FilesSession.php
index 8762776..a06f29c 100644
--- a/core/classes/session/FilesSession.php
+++ b/core/classes/session/FilesSession.php
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ class FileSessionHandler implements SessionHandlerInterface
     public function __construct()
     {
         // values comming from configuration
+        $this->sessionName = SESSION_NAME;
         $this->sess_filename = $path;
         $this->minutes = $minutes;
 
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ class FileSessionHandler implements SessionHandlerInterface
         );
 
         // Start the session
-        session_name(SESSION_NAME);
+        session_name($this->sessionName);
         session_start();
     }
 
@@ -80,14 +81,9 @@ class FileSessionHandler implements SessionHandlerInterface
     public function read($sessionId): string|false
     {
         if (!file_exists($filename) || !is_readable($filename)) return false;
-        return file_get_contents($filename);
+        $data = file_get_contents($filename);
 
-        # if ($this->files->isFile($path = $this->path.'/'.$sessionId) &&
-        #     $this->files->lastModified($path) >= Carbon::now()->subMinutes($this->minutes)->getTimestamp()) {
-        #     return $this->files->sharedGet($path);
-        # }
-
-        # depricated? return '';
+        return @unserialize($data);
     }
 
     /** write
@@ -96,11 +92,11 @@ class FileSessionHandler implements SessionHandlerInterface
     public function write($sessionId, $data): bool
     {
         $h = fopen($filename, 'w');
-        if (fwrite($h,$data) === false) {
+        if (fwrite($h, serialize($data)) === false) {
             throw new Exception('Could not write session data');
             return false;
-          }
-          fclose($h);
+        }
+        fclose($h);
 
         return true;
     }
@@ -128,7 +124,7 @@ class FileSessionHandler implements SessionHandlerInterface
                     ->in($this->path)
                     ->files()
                     ->ignoreDotFiles(true)
-                    ->date('<= now - '.$lifetime.' seconds');
+                    ->date('<= now - '. $lifetime .' seconds');
 
         $deletedSessions = 0;
 
diff --git a/core/config/anom_settings.php b/core/config/anom_settings.php
index 406c6aa..76c7c62 100644
--- a/core/config/anom_settings.php
+++ b/core/config/anom_settings.php
@@ -1,35 +1,37 @@
 <?php
+
 /** CONFIGURATION PATAMETRES
- * ---
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * This is the first file you need to setup
  * in order to start a new application
+ * 
+ * NOTE:
+ * You may rewrite the defines manualy setting any values manualy
+ * Here we propose that you use an .env file (with is a very safe option)
+ * the env file is saved into `/core/auth` folder
  */
 
+if (file_exists("../core/auth/.env")) {
+    $ini_array = parse_ini_file("../core/auth/.env");
+}
+
 // DEFINE WHETTHER THE APP RUNS ON PRODUCTION
 // Don't forget to change this setting
 // when deploying to a different stage
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// define by OS parameter
-//// if (getenv('ENVIRONMENT')) { 
-////   if (getenv('ENVIRONMENT') == 'PRODUCTION') {
-//// 
-////     define('PRODUCTION', true);
-//// 
-////   } else {
-////     define('PRODUCTION', false);
-////   }
-//// } 
-//// // define by .env file
-//// if (!defined('PRODUCTION')) {
-////   if (file_exists('../core/auth/.env')) {
-////     $ini_array = parse_ini_file("../core/auth/.env");
-//// 
-////     define('PRODUCTION', $ini_array['ENVIRONMENT']);
-////   }
-//// } else  {
-////   define('PRODUCTION', false);    // or define manualy 
-//// }
-define('PRODUCTION', false);
+
+# // define by OS parameter
+# if (getenv('ENVIRONMENT')) { 
+#     if (getenv('ENVIRONMENT') == 'PRODUCTION') {
+#         define('PRODUCTION', true);
+#     } else {
+#         define('PRODUCTION', false);
+#     }
+# } 
+
+# define by .env file
+define('PRODUCTION', ($ini_array['ENVIRONMENT'] == 'production') );
+
 
 
 // Custom Names ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -43,15 +45,17 @@ define('SESSION_NAME', 'clroom');       // Session Name
 
 
 
-// APPLICATION PATHS ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// Obligarory
-// These are needed in order to run the bare minimum MVC system
-// They also make code easier to read
-//
-// NOTE: probably you don't need to chage these defines
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/** APPLICATION PATHS ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * 
+ * Obligarory
+ * These are needed in order to run the bare minimum MVC system
+ * They also make code easier to read
+ * 
+ * NOTE:
+ * probably you don't need to chage these defines
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
 
 define('APP_ROOT', dirname(get_included_files()[0]) );
 
@@ -68,22 +72,28 @@ define('VIEWS_DIRECTORY', APP_ROOT.'/app/views/');
 define('TESTS_DIRECTORY', APP_ROOT."/../tests/");
 
 
-// AUTOLOADER //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// An autoloader for classes is required;
-// OPTION 1: COMPOSER
-// Composer is recommended and makes much more than simple autoloding
+/** AUTOLOADER /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * An autoloader for classes is required;
+ * 
+ * 
+ * OPTION 1: COMPOSER
+ * Composer is recommended and makes much more than simple autoloding
+ */
 define('AUTOLOADER' , '../vendor/autoload.php');
 
-// OPTION 2: Custom Autoloader
-// If Composer is not supported, another autoloading proccess required
-// Comment/Disable the 1st option and uncomment/Enable the next line
+/** ...
+ * 
+ * OPTION 2: Custom Autoloader
+ * If Composer is not supported, another autoloading proccess required
+ * Comment/Disable the 1st option and uncomment/Enable the next line
+ */
 # define('AUTOLOADER' , '../core/helpers/autoload.php');
 
-// CLASSPATHS : array of paths where classes are saved
-// Needed only when the custom autoloader is used
-// (like autoload.classmap section of Composer)
+/** CLASSPATHS : array of paths where classes are saved
+ * Needed only when the custom autoloader is used
+ * (like autoload.classmap section of Composer)
+ */
 # define('CLASSPATHS', array(
 #     '/../core/classes/',
 #     '/app/controllers/',
@@ -94,27 +104,45 @@ define('AUTOLOADER' , '../vendor/autoload.php');
 
 
 
-// ADVANCED OPTIMIZATION ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// APP_CACHE defines the cache-driver;
-// accepted values are the name of the Cache-interface impementations (the exact
-// names of the classes)
-//
-// 'FileCache'  : caching in filesystem; fair if caching on HDD; great on SSD
-// 'RedisCache' : caching in Redis server; generally recommended if available
-// 'MemCachedCache' : caching in Memcached server; recommended if available
-//
-// NOTE: FileCache on a NVMe SDD is the fastest option;
-// Redis and Memcached are really-fast caching options and are available for
-// scaling horizontaly your application (eache one has it's own strngths;
-// study, then choose the one that fulfills your needs;
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ /** SESSION HANDLING //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  * 
+  * there are several session drivers for session handling:
+  *    
+  * 'DefaultSession'  : uses the default (file-based) php session management
+  * 'FileSession'     : defines a custom file-based session mechanism
+  * 'DatabaseSession' : mechanism that stores Session data into a DataBase
+  * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  */
+
+define('SESSION_DRIVER', 'DefaultSession');
+
+
+
+/* ADVANCED OPTIMIZATION ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * APP_CACHE defines the cache-driver;
+ * accepted values are the name of the Cache-interface impementations (the exact
+ * names of the classes)
+ *
+ * 'FileCache'  : caching in filesystem; fair if caching on HDD; great on SSD
+ * 'RedisCache' : caching in Redis server; generally recommended if available
+ * 'MemCachedCache' : caching in Memcached server; recommended if available
+ *
+ * NOTE: FileCache on a NVMe SDD is the fastest option;
+ * Redis and Memcached are really-fast caching options and are available for
+ * scaling horizontaly your application (eache one has it's own strngths;
+ * study, then choose the one that fulfills your needs;
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
 
 define('CACHE_DRIVER', 'FileCache');
 
-// Caching expiration times fpr various expensive objects
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** Caching expiration times fpr various expensive objects
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
 
 // Root objects like product-categories tree
 define('CACHE_ROOT_TTL', 28800);        // 8 hours
@@ -126,17 +154,11 @@ define('CACHE_CATEGORY_TTL', 18000);    // 5 hours
 define('CACHE_PRODUCT_TTL', 3600);      // 1 hour
 
 
-// SESSION_DRIVER ; accepted values...
-// 'files'    : (defult) php uses filesystem for saving session; fair if caching in SSD drive
-// 'redis'    : keep sessions in a Redis server; rapid-fast but wastes large amount of RAM
-// 'database' : keep session data in Database; ideal for session across multiple servers
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-define('SESSION_DRIVER', 'files');
 
 // CONNECTIONS ...
 
-define('FILECACHE_PATH', APP_ROOT.'/cache/');   // if CACHE_DRIVER is set to 'FileCache'
+define('FILECACHE_PATH', APP_ROOT.'/cache/');     // if CACHE_DRIVER is set to 'FileCache'
 
 # define('REDIS_HOST', '127.0.0.1');              // if CACHE_DRIVER is set to 'RedisCache'
 
@@ -144,16 +166,16 @@ define('FILECACHE_PATH', APP_ROOT.'/cache/');   // if CACHE_DRIVER is set to 'Fi
 
 
 
-
-// SECURITY SETTINGS ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-// Cross Site Request Forgery
-// ---
-// Enables a CSRF cookie token to be set. When set to TRUE, token will be
-// checked on a submitted form. If you are accepting user data, it is strongly
-// recommended CSRF protection be enabled.
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/** SECURITY SETTINGS ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * 
+ * Cross Site Request Forgery
+ * ---
+ * Enables a CSRF cookie token to be set. When set to TRUE, token will be
+ * checked on a submitted form. If you are accepting user data, it is strongly
+ * recommended CSRF protection be enabled.
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
 
 define('CSRF_PROTCTION', false);
 
@@ -166,3 +188,137 @@ define('CSRF_EXPIRE', 7200);            // The number in seconds the token shoul
 define('CSRF_REGENERATE', TRUE);        // Regenerate token on every submission
 
 define('CSRF_EXCLUDE_URIS', array());   // Array of URIs which ignore CSRF checks
+
+
+
+
+/** CREDENTIALS
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/** SERVICE PARAMETRES
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * 
+ * Connection parametres and credentials for accssing services 
+ * needed by the application; Such services may be..
+ * 
+ * - RDBMS
+ *   -- MySQL
+ *   -- PotgresSQL
+ * 
+ * - Caching services
+ *   -- Redis
+ *   -- MemCached
+ * 
+ * Edit only the constants needed by the application;
+ * Comment those you do not need;
+ * 
+ * /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+ */
+
+/** DATABASE CONNECTION PARAMETRES
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Production and staging environments may use different databases.
+ * 
+ * A safe practice is to keep credentials outside plain files like this one
+ * in environmental variable or other secret file etc.
+ * 
+ * Uncomment/enable each group of definitions suits your case to define
+ * the credentials needed for accessing the database
+ */
+
+/** This is a SAFE method (define credentials as OS environmental variables)
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+# define('DB_NAME', getenv('DB_NAME'));     // database name
+# 
+# define('DB_USER', getenv('DB_USER'));     // database user-name
+# 
+# define('DB_PASS', getenv('DB_PASS'));     // user's pass
+# 
+# define('PDO_HOST', getenv('PDO_HOST'));   // database host (connection string)
+
+
+/** This is another SAFE method (keep credentials in an .env file)
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+ $ini_array = parse_ini_file("../core/auth/.env");
+
+ define('DB_NAME', $ini_array['DB_NAME']);
+ 
+ define('DB_USER', $ini_array['DB_USER']);
+ 
+ define('DB_PASS', $ini_array['DB_PASS']);
+ 
+ define('PDO_HOST', $ini_array['PDO_HOST']);
+ 
+ 
+ /** This is just good enough
+  * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  */
+ 
+ # if (!PRODUCTION) {    // == Deployed on staging
+ #
+ #   // STAGING SETTINGS:
+ #    
+ #   define('DB_NAME', 'dev_db_name');
+ #
+ #   define('DB_USER', 'devUserName');
+ #
+ #   define('DB_PASS', getenv('DBPASSWORD'));
+ #
+ #   // PDO_HOST can be a hostname/port combination -or- a unix socket
+ #   // ...examples:
+ #   // define('PDO_HOST', 'host=/localhost')    ## hostname case
+ #   // define('PDO_HOST', 'host=/localhost;port=3456')    ## hostname/port case
+ #   // define('PDO_HOST', 'unix_socket=/sql/ex123:europe:some-db');   ## unix socket
+ #   define('PDO_HOST', 'unix_socket=/cloudsql/name-123456:europe-west4:name-db-eu');
+ #
+ # } else {        // == Deployed on production
+ #
+ #    // PRODUCTION SETTINGS:
+ #
+ #    define('DB_NAME', 'your_db_name');
+ #    define('DB_USER', 'dbusername');
+ #    define('DB_PASS', getenv('DBPASSWORD'));
+ #    define('PDO_HOST', 'unix_socket=/cloudsql/name-123456:europe-west4:name-db-eu');
+ #
+ #  }
+ 
+ define('DB_TIMEZONE', "SET time_zone = 'Europe/Athens'");
+ 
+ /** NOTE:
+  * Both Redis and Memcached configurations are given as a template to work on;
+  * In most cases the default values should do the job -- of course you need to
+  * read the README file (check the project's root);
+  * As these caching services are not fully tested you may need to ochestrate
+  * the services in detail or edit the connection strings into the core classes
+  * (hosted under the '/core/classes/cacher' folder)
+  */
+ 
+ 
+ /** REDIS SERVICE
+  * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  * Most of the times Redis is running on 'localhost' (host = '127.0.0.1')
+  * When implemented via anom's docker-composer (redis via bridge) then you need
+  * do declare the hostname as 'redis'
+  */
+ #
+ # if (!defined('REDIS_HOST'))     define('REDIS_HOST', 'redis');
+ # 
+ # if (!defined('REDIS_PORT'))     define('REDIS_PORT', 6379);
+ # 
+ # if (!defined('REDIS_PASS'))     define('REDIS_PASS', null);
+ 
+ 
+ /** MEMCACHED
+  * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  * Memcached looks very much like Redis (plus, both are serving from RAM)
+  * Usualy Memcashed is running localy so host is 'localhost' ('127.0.0.1')
+  * If you use the framework's docker-composer implementation then
+  * the hostname is 'anomemcached'
+  */
+ #
+ #if (!defined('MEMCACHE_HOST'))  define('MEMCACHE_HOST', 'anomemcached');
+ 
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/config/credentials.php b/core/config/credentials.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 43fa0a4..0000000
--- a/core/config/credentials.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/** SERVICE PARAMETRES
- * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * 
- * Connection parametres and credentials for accssing services 
- * needed by the application; Such services may be..
- * 
- * - RDBMS
- *   -- MySQL
- *   -- PotgresSQL
- * 
- * - Caching services
- *   -- Redis
- *   -- MemCached
- * 
- * Edit only the constants needed by the application;
- * Comment those you do not need;
- * 
- * /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
- */
-
-/** DATABASE CONNECTION PARAMETRES
- * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Production and staging environments may use different databases.
- * 
- * A safe practice is to keep credentials outside plain files like this one
- * in environmental variable or other secret file etc.
- * 
- * Uncomment/enable each group of definitions suits your case to define
- * the credentials needed for accessing the database
- */
-
-/** This is a SAFE method (define credentials as OS environmental variables)
- * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-# define('DB_NAME', getenv('DB_NAME'));     // database name
-# 
-# define('DB_USER', getenv('DB_USER'));     // database user-name
-# 
-# define('DB_PASS', getenv('DB_PASS'));     // user's pass
-# 
-# define('PDO_HOST', getenv('PDO_HOST'));   // database host (connection string)
-
-
-/** This is another SAFE method (keep credentials in an .env file)
- * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-
-$ini_array = parse_ini_file("../core/auth/.env");
-
-define('DB_NAME', $ini_array['DB_NAME']);
-
-define('DB_USER', $ini_array['DB_USER']);
-
-define('DB_PASS', $ini_array['DB_PASS']);
-
-define('PDO_HOST', $ini_array['PDO_HOST']);
-
-
-/** This is just good enough
- * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-#
-# if (!PRODUCTION) {    // == Deployed on staging
-#
-#   // STAGING SETTINGS:
-#    
-#   define('DB_NAME', 'dev_db_name');
-#
-#   define('DB_USER', 'devUserName');
-#
-#   define('DB_PASS', getenv('DBPASSWORD'));
-#
-#   // PDO_HOST can be a hostname/port combination -or- a unix socket
-#   // ...examples:
-#   // define('PDO_HOST', 'host=/localhost')    ## hostname case
-#   // define('PDO_HOST', 'host=/localhost;port=3456')    ## hostname/port case
-#   // define('PDO_HOST', 'unix_socket=/sql/ex123:europe:some-db');   ## unix socket
-#   define('PDO_HOST', 'unix_socket=/cloudsql/name-123456:europe-west4:name-db-eu');
-#
-# } else {        // == Deployed on production
-#
-#    // PRODUCTION SETTINGS:
-#
-#    define('DB_NAME', 'your_db_name');
-#    define('DB_USER', 'dbusername');
-#    define('DB_PASS', getenv('DBPASSWORD'));
-#    define('PDO_HOST', 'unix_socket=/cloudsql/name-123456:europe-west4:name-db-eu');
-#
-#  }
-
-define('DB_TIMEZONE', "SET time_zone = 'Europe/Athens'");
-
-/** NOTE:
- * Both Redis and Memcached configurations are given as a template to work on;
- * In most cases the default values should do the job -- of course you need to
- * read the README file (check the project's root);
- * As these caching services are not fully tested you may need to ochestrate
- * the services in detail or edit the connection strings into the core classes
- * (hosted under the '/core/classes/cacher' folder)
- */
-
-
-/** REDIS SERVICE
- * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Most of the times Redis is running on 'localhost' (host = '127.0.0.1')
- * When implemented via anom's docker-composer (redis via bridge) then you need
- * do declare the hostname as 'redis'
- */
-#
-# if (!defined('REDIS_HOST'))     define('REDIS_HOST', 'redis');
-# 
-# if (!defined('REDIS_PORT'))     define('REDIS_PORT', 6379);
-# 
-# if (!defined('REDIS_PASS'))     define('REDIS_PASS', null);
-
-
-/** MEMCACHED
- * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Memcached looks very much like Redis (plus, both are serving from RAM)
- * Usualy Memcashed is running localy so host is 'localhost' ('127.0.0.1')
- * If you use the framework's docker-composer implementation then
- * the hostname is 'anomemcached'
- */
-#
-#if (!defined('MEMCACHE_HOST'))  define('MEMCACHE_HOST', 'anomemcached');
diff --git a/core/config/init.php b/core/config/init.php
index b035faf..2db2503 100644
--- a/core/config/init.php
+++ b/core/config/init.php
@@ -16,19 +16,16 @@
  * anything else can be injected on-demand
  */
 
-// Load authorization parametres
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-require_once CREDENTIALS;
-
 
 // setup error-handliing
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 require_once '../core/helpers/error_handling.php';
 
 
-// Load rendering sub-system
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-require_once RENDERING_SYSTEM;
+// depricated:
+/// // Load rendering sub-system
+/// // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/// require_once RENDERING_SYSTEM;
 
 
 // Setup Application Engiine
@@ -43,16 +40,12 @@ Registry::vow('database', function() { return new Database(); });
 
 // Attach Cache to the Resitry as a vow 
 // (CACHE_DRIVER) acts as driver-wrapper
+// --- -- -- - - -
 Registry::vow('cache', function() { return new (CACHE_DRIVER)(); });
 // CHECK: if strict mode has any benefits:
 // Registry::vow('cache', function():Cache_interface { return new (CACHE_DRIVER)(); });
 
 
-// Start session
-Registry::set('session', new DefaultSession());
-
-
-
 // Initialize THE REQUEST
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Registry::set('REQUEST', new Request());
diff --git a/core/helpers/error_handling.php b/core/helpers/error_handling.php
index bc60968..95db98c 100644
--- a/core/helpers/error_handling.php
+++ b/core/helpers/error_handling.php
@@ -82,16 +82,16 @@ function on_shutdown_check_for_fatal()
         // 2nd: Show Errors
 
         if (PRODUCTION) {
-            if (!defined('VIEW_LOADED')) {
+            if (!defined('OUTPUT_STARTED')) {
                 // throw a prety-error message
-                render_view('error/general', ['message' => 'Please forgive me, I know not what I do']);
+                Render::view('error/general', ['message' => 'Please forgive me, I know not what I do']);
             }
 
         } else {
 
-            if (!defined('VIEW_LOADED')) {
+            if (!defined('OUTPUT_STARTED')) {
                 // no template loaded; render erros in general-error template
-                render_view('error/general', ['message' => implode("<br/>And:<br/>", $anom_ERRORS)]);
+                Render::view('error/general', ['message' => implode("<br/>And:<br/>", $anom_ERRORS)]);
 
             } else {
                  echo '<div style="padding:1em;background:#933;width:100%;color:#fff">
diff --git a/core/helpers/render.php b/core/helpers/render.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 9dcd34a..0000000
--- a/core/helpers/render.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,338 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-/** Rendering System
- * ---
- * this is the View part of the MVC framework.
- * Decided not to make it a Class
- ***/
-
-
-/** load template
- * --- 
- * TODO:
- * explain/document the difference between a template and a view
- * 
- * TODO:
- * Implementing the Render/View operation as a class, using the same-
- * name methods with Laraver or CodeIgniter could be good idea;
- * and get rid of if(!defined('VIEW_LOADED')) define('VIEW_LOADED',1);
- */
-function load_template($template, $data) {
-
-    $file = VIEWS_DIRECTORY . $template . '.php';
-
-    if (file_exists($file)) {
-        if (!defined('VIEW_LOADED'))  define('VIEW_LOADED', 1);
-
-        ob_start();
-
-        extract( sanitize_output($data) );
-        require( $file );
-
-        ob_flush();
-
-    } else if (!PRODUCTION) {
-
-        echo "<!-- view ". $file ." is missing -->";
-    }
-
-}
-
-/** parse_sections
- * ---
- * parse a group of views (sections)
- * @param $sections: an array of sections
- * 
- * each section group is an array with view, key and data properties
- * + view: defines the view template/file 
- * + key: the variable name that view uses to parse data OR empty-string*
- *        * if key is an empty then $data should be an array (which
- *        includes all [variable-name:data] pairs utilized by the view)
- * + data: holds the actual data
- */
-
-function parse_sections($sections) {
-
-    foreach($sections as $sect) {
-
-        if ($sect['key'] == '') {
-            render_view( $sect['view'], $sect['data'] );
-
-        } else {
-            render_view( $sect['view'], [ $sect['key'] => $sect['data']] );
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-
-/** render function
- * ---
- * uses php's short-tag syntax for templating system
- * extract data into template
- * @param $view: view-template filename
- * @param $data: data to embed into view-template
- * @param $sanitize: of true then sanitize data.
- * important NOTE: data is an array [key => value]
- */
-function render_view($view, $data, $sanitize = false) {
-
-    $file = VIEWS_DIRECTORY . $view . '.php';
-
-    if (file_exists($file)) {
-        if (!defined('VIEW_LOADED'))  define('VIEW_LOADED', 1);
-
-        extract( $sanitize ? sanitize_output($data) : $data );
-        require( $file );
-
-    } else if (!PRODUCTION) {
-
-        echo "<!-- view ". $file ." is missing -->";
-    }
-
-}
-
-
-/** render asap
- * ---
- * render_view then output code 
- * so that client will get html to render
- * while server calculates next html
- */
-function render_asap($view, $data, $sanitize = false) {
-    render_view($view, $data, $sanitize);
-    ob_flush();
-}
-
-
-/** render text
- * ---
- * This function simply echoes text
- * with Content-Type and Cache Headers
- * @param $data : the text to echo
- * @param $cType : Content-Type header
- * @param $ttl : cache-contol headers; if false response is not-cached; else (int) chache for $ttl seconds
- */
-function render_text( $data, $contentType = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8', $ttl = false ) {
-    header('Content-Type: '. $contentType);
-    if ($ttl) {
-        $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s", time() + $ttl) . " GMT";
-        header("Expires: {$ts}");
-        header("Pragma: cache");
-        header("Cache-Control: max-age={$ttl}");
-
-    } else {
-        $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s") . " GMT";
-        header("Expires: {$ts}");
-        header("Last-Modified: {$ts}");
-        header("Pragma: no-cache");
-        header("Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate");
-    }
-    echo htmlspecialchars($data);
-}
-
-
-/** reply_json
- * ---
- * transform a php-array to json and echo to client
- * Can be used for API calls
- *
- * @param $data : the php array)
- * @param $ttl : cache-contol headers; if false response is not-cached; else chache for $ttl seconds
- */
-function reply_json( $data, $ttl = false ) {
-    header('Content-Type: application/json');
-    if ($ttl) {
-        $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s", time() + $ttl) . " GMT";
-        header("Expires: {$ts}");
-        header("Pragma: cache");
-        header("Cache-Control: max-age={$ttl}");
-
-    } else {
-        $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s") . " GMT";
-        header("Expires: {$ts}");
-        header("Last-Modified: {$ts}");
-        header("Pragma: no-cache");
-        header("Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate");
-    }
-    echo json_encode($data, JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE);
-}
-
-
-
-
-// HELPER FUNCTIONS
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-/** link asset
- * ---
- * the function defines the assets (css or js)
- * to be loaded on the client (creates the HTML)
- * @param $type : type of asset [css|js]
- * @param $assetIDs : an array of ('assetID' => 'paramaters')
- *
- * example calls:
- * load_asset('css', ['main' => 'media="all"', 'filters' => 'media="all"']);
- * load_asset( 'js', ['jquery' => '', 'lazyloader' => 'async']);
- */
-function link_asset( $type, $assetIDs, $paramatres = '' ) {
-
-    $code = "";     // code to return
-    
-    // make sure $assetIDs is array (for coding simplicity)
-    if (!is_array($assetIDs)) {
-        $assetIDs = [ $assetIDs ];
-    }
-
-    // check asset type and construct all asset inserts
-    switch ($type) {
-
-        case 'font':
-            foreach($assetIDs as $asset) {
-                $code .= "\n\t<link href='". FONTS_DIR . FONT_FILES[$asset] ."' as='font' type='font/woff2' {$paramatres}/>";
-            }
-            break;
-
-        case 'js':
-            foreach($assetIDs as $asset) {
-                $code .= "\n\t<script src='". JS_DIR . JS_LIBRARIES[$asset] ."' id='{$asset}' {$paramatres}></script>";
-            }
-            break;
-
-        case 'css':
-        default:
-            foreach($assetIDs as $asset) {
-                $code .= "\n\t<link rel='stylesheet' href='". CSS_DIR . CSS_FILES[$asset] ."' id='{$asset}' {$paramatres} />";
-            }
-    }
-
-    echo $code;
-}
-
-
-/** sanitize_output (recursive) 
- * ---
- * Sanitizes data that are about to rendered
- * (usually when render_view() is called).
- * NOTE: mitigates XSS attachs
- * @param $data: (array)
- */
-function sanitize_output($data) {
-    //// // check https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2002710/php-how-to-perform-htmlspecialchar-on-an-array-of-arrays
-    
-    //// $output = array_map("myFunc", $data);
-    global $secure;
-
-    $output = array();
-    foreach($data as $key => $val) {
-
-        if (is_string($val)) {
-            $output[$key] = htmlspecialchars(remove_invisible_characters($val));
-            
-        } else if (is_array($val)) {
-            $output[$key] = sanitize_output($val);
-
-        } else {
-            $output[$key] = $val;
-        }
-    }
-    return $output;
-}
-
-
-/** remove_invisible_characters()
- * ---
- * @used by sanitize_output()
- */
-function remove_invisible_characters($str, $url_encoded = TRUE)
-{
-    $non_displayables = array();
-
-    // every control character except newline (dec 10),
-    // carriage return (dec 13) and horizontal tab (dec 09)
-    if ($url_encoded) {
-        $non_displayables[] = '/%0[0-8bcef]/i';	// url encoded 00-08, 11, 12, 14, 15
-        $non_displayables[] = '/%1[0-9a-f]/i';	// url encoded 16-31
-        $non_displayables[] = '/%7f/i';	// url encoded 127
-    }
-
-    $non_displayables[] = '/[\x00-\x08\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F\x7F]+/S';	// 00-08, 11, 12, 14-31, 127
-
-    do {
-        $str = preg_replace($non_displayables, '', $str, -1, $count);
-    } while ($count);
-
-    return $str;
-}
-
-
-/** html
- * ---
- * outputs code as html
- * 
- * @param $str (string)
- * @return html5 (string)
- */
-function html($str) {
-    if (!isset($str) || $str== null)        return;
-    if (($str == '') || is_numeric($str))   return $str;
-    return htmlspecialchars_decode($str, ENT_QUOTES|ENT_HTML5);
-}
-
-
-/** set_headers
- * ---
- * set custom response-Headers
- *
- * @param $contentType
- * @param $ttl: int or false)
- * @param $more: array of (content-type => content-value) pairs
- */
-function set_headers($contentType = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8', $ttl = false, $more = [] ) {
-
-    // handle common content-type shorcuts
-    switch ($contentType) {
-      case 'text':
-      case 'html':
-          $contentType = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8';
-          break;
-      case 'json':
-          $contentType = 'application/json; charset=utf-8';
-          break;
-      case 'js':
-          $contentType = 'application/javascript; charset=utf-8';
-          break;
-      case 'css':
-          $contentType = 'text/css';
-          break;
-      default:
-          // $contentType stays as-is
-          break;
-    }
-
-    // send headers
-    header('Content-Type: '. $contentType);
-    if ($ttl) {
-        $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s", time() + $ttl) . " GMT";
-        header("Expires: {$ts}");
-        header("Pragma: cache");
-        header("Cache-Control: max-age={$ttl}");
-
-    } else {
-        $ts = gmdate("D, d M Y H:i:s") . " GMT";
-        header("Expires: {$ts}");
-        header("Last-Modified: {$ts}");
-        header("Pragma: no-cache");
-        header("Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate");
-    }
-
-    // send more headers
-    if ($more != []) {
-        foreach($more as $header => $value) {
-            header($header .': '. $value);
-        }
-    }
-
-}
-
-
-
-- 
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